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3. The contents shown do not constitute attribution of a noble title and they do not attribute kinship relationships between homonymous surnames; the exposed or mentioned coats were matched to a surname or variant. This is not a genealogical research.


4. A Heraldic Trace is a dossier made by a program useful as a starting point for researchers and passionate heraldists; a Heraldic Preview is a dossier reviewed by a human.

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5. Variations of surnames are frequent and mainly derive from involuntary acts such as translation errors or dialectal inflections or from voluntary acts such as attempts to escape persecution or acquisition of titles and properties of other families